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authorEuAndreh <eu@euandre.org>2025-04-18 02:17:12 -0300
committerEuAndreh <eu@euandre.org>2025-04-18 02:48:42 -0300
commit020c1e77489b772f854bb3288b9c8d2818a6bf9d (patch)
tree142aec725a52162a446ea7d947cb4347c9d573c9 /src/content/en/tils/2021/01
parentMakefile: Remove security.txt.gz (diff)
downloadeuandre.org-020c1e77489b772f854bb3288b9c8d2818a6bf9d.tar.gz
euandre.org-020c1e77489b772f854bb3288b9c8d2818a6bf9d.tar.xz
git mv src/content/* src/content/en/
Diffstat (limited to 'src/content/en/tils/2021/01')
-rw-r--r--src/content/en/tils/2021/01/12/curl-awk-emails.adoc148
-rw-r--r--src/content/en/tils/2021/01/17/posix-shebang.adoc58
2 files changed, 206 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/content/en/tils/2021/01/12/curl-awk-emails.adoc b/src/content/en/tils/2021/01/12/curl-awk-emails.adoc
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+++ b/src/content/en/tils/2021/01/12/curl-awk-emails.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+= Awk snippet: send email to multiple recipients with cURL
+
+:neomutt: https://neomutt.org/
+:found-out-article: https://blog.edmdesigner.com/send-email-from-linux-command-line/
+:curl: https://curl.se/
+
+As I experiment with {neomutt}[Neomutt], I wanted to keep being able to enqueue
+emails for sending later like my previous setup, so that I didn't rely on having
+an internet connection.
+
+My requirements for the `sendmail` command were:
+
+. store the email in a file, and send it later;
+. send from different addresses, using different SMTP servers.
+
+I couldn't find an MTA that could accomplish that, but I was able to quickly
+write a solution.
+
+The first part was the easiest: store the email in a file:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+# ~/.config/mutt/muttrc:
+set sendmail=~/bin/enqueue-email.sh
+
+# ~/bin/enqueue-email.sh:
+#!/bin/sh -eu
+
+cat - > "$HOME/mbsync/my-queued-emails/$(date -Is)"
+----
+
+Now that I had the email file store locally, I needed a program to send the
+email from the file, so that I could create a cronjob like:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+for f in ~/mbsync/my-queued-emails/*; do
+ ~/bin/dispatch-email.sh "$f" && rm "$f"
+done
+----
+
+The `dispatch-email.sh` would have to look at the `From:` header and decide
+which SMTP server to use. As I {found-out-article}[found out] that {curl}[curl]
+supports SMTP and is able to send emails, this is what I ended up with:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+#!/bin/sh -eu
+
+F="$1"
+
+rcpt="$(awk '
+ match($0, /^(To|Cc|Bcc): (.*)$/, m) {
+ split(m[2], tos, ",")
+ for (i in tos) {
+ print "--mail-rcpt " tos[i]
+ }
+ }
+' "$F")"
+
+if grep -qE '^From: .*<addr@server1\.org>$' "$F"; then
+ curl \
+ -s \
+ --url smtp://smtp.server1.org:587 \
+ --ssl-reqd \
+ --mail-from addr@server1.org \
+ $rcpt \
+ --user 'addr@server1.org:my-long-and-secure-passphrase' \
+ --upload-file "$F"
+elif grep -qE '^From: .*<addr@server2\.org>$' "$F"; then
+ curl \
+ -s \
+ --url smtp://smtp.server2.org:587 \
+ --ssl-reqd \
+ --mail-from addr@server2.org \
+ $rcpt \
+ --user 'addr@server2.org:my-long-and-secure-passphrase' \
+ --upload-file "$F"
+else
+ echo 'Bad "From: " address'
+ exit 1
+fi
+----
+
+Most of curl flags used are self-explanatory, except for `$rcpt`.
+
+curl connects to the SMTP server, but doesn't set the recipient address by
+looking at the message. My solution was to generate the curl flags, store them
+in `$rcpt` and use it unquoted to leverage shell word splitting.
+
+To me, the most interesting part was building the `$rcpt` flags. My first
+instinct was to try grep, but it couldn't print only matches in a regex. As I
+started to turn towards sed, I envisioned needing something else to loop over
+the sed output, and I then moved to Awk.
+
+In the short Awk snippet, 3 things were new to me: the `match(...)`,
+`split(...)` and `for () {}`. The only other function I have ever used was
+`gsub(...)`, but these new ones felt similar enough that I could almost guess
+their behaviour and arguments. `match(...)` stores the matches of a regex on
+the given array positionally, and `split(...)` stores the chunks in the given
+array.
+
+I even did it incrementally:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+$ H='To: to@example.com, to2@example.com\nCc: cc@example.com, cc2@example.com\nBcc: bcc@example.com,bcc2@example.com\n'
+$ printf "$H" | awk '/^To: .*$/ { print $0 }'
+To: to@example.com, to2@example.com
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { print m }'
+awk: ligne de commande:1: (FILENAME=- FNR=1) fatal : tentative d'utilisation du tableau « m » dans un contexte scalaire
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { print m[0] }'
+To: to@example.com, to2@example.com
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { print m[1] }'
+to@example.com, to2@example.com
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { split(m[1], tos, " "); print tos }'
+awk: ligne de commande:1: (FILENAME=- FNR=1) fatal : tentative d'utilisation du tableau « tos » dans un contexte scalaire
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { split(m[1], tos, " "); print tos[0] }'
+
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { split(m[1], tos, " "); print tos[1] }'
+to@example.com,
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { split(m[1], tos, " "); print tos[2] }'
+to2@example.com
+$ printf "$H" | awk 'match($0, /^To: (.*)$/, m) { split(m[1], tos, " "); print tos[3] }'
+----
+
+(This isn't the verbatim interactive session, but a cleaned version to make it
+more readable.)
+
+At this point, I realized I needed a for loop over the `tos` array, and I moved
+the Awk snippet into the `~/bin/dispatch-email.sh`. I liked the final thing:
+
+[source,awk]
+----
+match($0, /^(To|Cc|Bcc): (.*)$/, m) {
+ split(m[2], tos, ",")
+ for (i in tos) {
+ print "--mail-rcpt " tos[i]
+ }
+}
+----
+
+As I learn more about Awk, I feel that it is too undervalued, as many people
+turn to Perl or other programming languages when Awk suffices. The advantage is
+pretty clear: writing programs that run on any POSIX system, without extra
+dependencies required.
+
+Coding to the standards is underrated.
diff --git a/src/content/en/tils/2021/01/17/posix-shebang.adoc b/src/content/en/tils/2021/01/17/posix-shebang.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cf0695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/content/en/tils/2021/01/17/posix-shebang.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+= POSIX sh and shebangs
+
+:awk-1: link:../../../2020/12/15/shellcheck-repo.html
+:awk-2: link:../12/curl-awk-emails.html
+
+As I {awk-1}[keep moving] {awk-2}[towards POSIX], I'm on the process of
+migrating all my Bash scripts to POSIX sh.
+
+As I dropped `[[`, arrays and other Bashisms, I was left staring at the first
+line of every script, wondering what to do: what is the POSIX sh equivalent of
+`#!/usr/bin/env bash`? I already knew that POSIX says nothing about shebangs,
+and that the portable way to call a POSIX sh script is `sh script.sh`, but
+I didn't know what to do with that first line.
+
+What I had previously was:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -Eeuo pipefail
+cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")"
+----
+
+Obviously, the `$BASH_SOURCE` would be gone, and I would have to adapt some of
+my scripts to not rely on the script location. The `-E` and `-o pipefail`
+options were also gone, and would be replaced by nothing.
+
+I converted all of them to:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+#!/bin/sh -eu
+----
+
+I moved the `-eu` options to the shebang line itself, striving for conciseness.
+But as I changed callers from `./script.sh` to `sh script.sh`, things started to
+fail. Some tests that should fail reported errors, but didn't return 1.
+
+My first reaction was to revert back to `./script.sh`, but the POSIX bug I
+caught is a strong strain, and when I went back to it, I figured that the
+callers were missing some flags. Specifically, `sh -eu script.sh`.
+
+Then it clicked: when running with `sh script.sh`, the shebang line with the sh
+options is ignored, as it is a comment!
+
+Which means that the shebang most friendly with POSIX is:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+----
+
+. when running via `./script.sh`, if the system has an executable at `/bin/sh`,
+ it will be used to run the script;
+. when running via `sh script.sh`, the sh options aren't ignored as previously.
+
+TIL.