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+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"title: The database I wish I had\n"
+"date: 2020-08-31\n"
+"updated_at: 2020-09-03\n"
+"layout: post\n"
+"lang: en\n"
+"ref: the-database-i-wish-i-had\n"
+"category: mediator"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"I watched the talk \"[Platform as a Reflection of Values: Joyent, Node.js "
+"and beyond](https://vimeo.com/230142234)\" by Bryan Cantrill, and I think he"
+" was able to put into words something I already felt for some time: if "
+"there's no piece of software out there that reflects your values, it's time "
+"for you to build that software[^talk-time]."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[^talk-time]: At the very end, at time 29:49. When talking about the draft "
+"of this article with a friend, he noted that Bryan O'Sullivan (a different "
+"Bryan) says a similar thing on his talk \"[Running a startup on "
+"Haskell](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR3Jirqk6W8)\", at time 4:15."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"I kind of agree with what he said, because this is already happening to me. "
+"I long for a database with a certain set of values, and for a few years I "
+"was just waiting for someone to finally write it. After watching his talk, "
+"Bryan is saying to me: \"time to stop waiting, and start writing it "
+"yourself\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"So let me try to give an overview of such database, and go over its values."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Overview"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"I want a database that allows me to create decentralized client-side "
+"applications that can sync data."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "The best one-line description I can give right now is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "It's sort of like PouchDB, Git, Datomic, SQLite and Mentat."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "A more descriptive version could be:"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "An embedded, immutable, syncable relational database."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Let's go over what I mean by each of those aspects one by one."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Embedded"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"I think the server-side database landscape is diverse and mature enough for "
+"my needs (even though I end up choosing SQLite most of the time), and what "
+"I'm after is a database to be embedded on client-side applications itself, "
+"be it desktop, browser, mobile, *etc.*"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of such database is not to keep some local cache of data in case"
+" of lost connectivity: we have good solutions for that already. It should "
+"serve as the source of truth, and allow the application to work on top of "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[**SQLite**](https://sqlite.org/index.html) is a great example of that: it "
+"is a very powerful relational database that runs [almost "
+"anywhere](https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html). What I miss from it that "
+"SQLite doesn't provide is the ability to run it on the browser: even though "
+"you could compile it to WebAssembly, ~~it assumes a POSIX filesystem that "
+"would have to be emulated~~[^posix-sqlite]."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[^posix-sqlite]: It was [pointed out to "
+"me](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24338881) that SQLite doesn't "
+"assume the existence of a POSIX filesystem, as I wrongly stated. Thanks for "
+"the correction."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[**PouchDB**](https://pouchdb.com/) is another great example: it's a full "
+"reimplementation of [CouchDB](https://couchdb.apache.org/) that targets "
+"JavaScript environments, mainly the browser and Node.js. However I want a "
+"tool that can be deployed anywhere, and not limit its applications to places"
+" that already have a JavaScript runtime environment, or force the developer "
+"to bundle a JavaScript runtime environment with their application. This is "
+"true for GTK+ applications, command line programs, Android apps, *etc.*"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[**Mentat**](https://github.com/mozilla/mentat) was an interesting project, "
+"but its reliance on SQLite makes it inherit most of the downsides (and "
+"benefits too) of SQLite itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Having such a requirement imposes a different approach to storage: we have "
+"to decouple the knowledge about the intricacies of storage from the usage of"
+" storage itself, so that a module (say query processing) can access storage "
+"through an API without needing to know about its implementation. This allows"
+" the database to target a POSIX filesystems storage API and an IndexedDB "
+"storage API, and make the rest of the code agnostic about storage. PouchDB "
+"has such mechanism (called [adapters](https://pouchdb.com/adapters.html)) "
+"and Datomic has them too (called [storage "
+"services](https://docs.datomic.com/on-prem/storage.html))."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"This would allow the database to adapt to where it is embedded: when "
+"targeting the browser the IndexedDB storage API would provide the "
+"persistence layer that the database requires, and similarly the POSIX "
+"filesystem storage API would provide the persistence layer when targeting "
+"POSIX systems (like desktops, mobile, *etc.*)."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"But there's also an extra restriction that comes from by being embedded: it "
+"needs to provide and embeddable artifact, most likely a binary library "
+"object that exposes a C compatible FFI, similar to [how SQLite "
+"does](https://www.sqlite.org/amalgamation.html). Bundling a full runtime "
+"environment is possible, but doesn't make it a compelling solution for "
+"embedding. This rules out most languages, and leaves us with C, Rust, Zig, "
+"and similar options that can target POSIX systems and WebAssembly."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Immutable"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Being immutable means that only new information is added, no in-place update"
+" ever happens, and nothing is ever deleted."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Having an immutable database presents us with similar trade-offs found in "
+"persistent data structures, like lack of coordination when doing reads, "
+"caches being always coherent, and more usage of space."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[**Datomic**](https://www.datomic.com/) is the go to database example of "
+"this: it will only add information (datoms) and allows you to query them in "
+"a multitude of ways. Stuart Halloway calls it \"accumulate-only\" over "
+"\"append-only\"[^accumulate-only](Video \"[Day of Datomic Part "
+"2](https://vimeo.com/116315075)\"):"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"It's accumulate-only, it is not append-only. So append-only, most people "
+"when they say that they're implying something physical about what happens."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "on Datomic's information model, at time 12:28."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Also a database can be append-only and overwrite existing information with "
+"new information, by doing clean-ups of \"stale\" data. I prefer to adopt the"
+" \"accumulate-only\" naming and approach."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[**Git**](https://git-scm.com/) is another example of this: new commits are "
+"always added on top of the previous data, and it grows by adding commits "
+"instead of replacing existing ones."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Git repositories can only grow in size, and that is not only an acceptable "
+"condition, but also one of the reasons to use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"All this means that no in-place updates happens on data, and the database "
+"will be much more concerned about how compact and efficiently it stores data"
+" than how fast it does writes to disk. Being embedded, the storage "
+"limitation is either a) how much storage the device has or b) how much "
+"storage was designed for the application to consume. So even though the "
+"database could theoretically operate with hundreds of TBs, a browser page or"
+" mobile application wouldn't have access to this amount of storage. SQLite "
+"even [says](https://sqlite.org/limits.html) that it does support "
+"approximately 280 TBs of data, but those limits are untested."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"The upside of keeping everything is that you can have historical views of "
+"your data, which is very powerful. This also means that applications should "
+"turn this off when not relevant[^no-history]."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[^no-history]: Similar to [Datomic's "
+"`:db/noHistory`](https://docs.datomic.com/cloud/best.html#nohistory-for-"
+"high-churn)."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Syncable"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"This is a frequent topic when talking about offline-first solutions. When "
+"building applications that:"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "can fully work offline,"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "stores data,"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "propagates that data to other application instances,"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"then you'll need a conflict resolution strategy to handle all the situations"
+" where different application instances disagree. Those application instances"
+" could be a desktop and a browser version of the same application, or the "
+"same mobile app in different devices."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"A three-way merge seems to be the best approach, on top of which you could "
+"add application specific conflict resolution functions, like:"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "pick the change with higher timestamp;"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "if one change is a delete, pick it;"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "present the diff on the screen and allow the user to merge them."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Some databases try to make this \"easy\", by choosing a strategy for you, "
+"but I've found that different applications require different conflict "
+"resolution strategies. Instead, the database should leave this up to the "
+"user to decide, and provide tools for them to do it."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"[**Three-way merges in version "
+"control**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(version_control)) are the "
+"best example, performing automatic merges when possible and asking the user "
+"to resolve conflicts when they appear."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"The unit of conflict for a version control system is a line of text. The "
+"database equivalent would probably be a single attribute, not a full entity "
+"or a full row."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Making all the conflict resolution logic be local should allow the database "
+"to have encrypted remotes similar to how [git-remote-"
+"gcrypt](https://spwhitton.name/tech/code/git-remote-gcrypt/) adds this "
+"functionality to Git. This would enable users to sync the application data "
+"across devices using an untrusted intermediary."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Relational"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "I want the power of relational queries on the client applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Most of the arguments against traditional table-oriented relational "
+"databases are related to write performance, but those don't apply here. The "
+"bottlenecks for client applications usually aren't write throughput. Nobody "
+"is interested in differentiating between 1 MB/s or 10 MB/s when you're "
+"limited to 500 MB total."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"The relational model of the database could either be based on SQL and tables"
+" like in SQLite, or maybe [datalog](https://docs.datomic.com/on-"
+"prem/query.html) and [datoms](https://docs.datomic.com/cloud/whatis/data-"
+"model.html#datoms) like in Datomic."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "From aspects to values"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Now let's try to translate the aspects above into values, as suggested by "
+"Bryan Cantrill."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Portability"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Being able to target so many different platforms is a bold goal, and the "
+"embedded nature of the database demands portability to be a core value."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Integrity"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"When the local database becomes the source of truth of the application, it "
+"must provide consistency guarantees that enables applications to rely on it."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Expressiveness"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"The database should empower applications to slice and dice the data in any "
+"way it wants to."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "Next steps"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"Since I can't find any database that fits these requirements, I've finally "
+"come to terms with doing it myself."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"It's probably going to take me a few years to do it, and making it portable "
+"between POSIX and IndexedDB will probably be the biggest challenge. I got "
+"myself a few books on databases to start."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "I wonder if I'll ever be able to get this done."
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "External links"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid ""
+"See discussions on "
+"[Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/ijwz5b/the_database_i_wish_i_had/),"
+" [lobsters](https://lobste.rs/s/m9vkg4/database_i_wish_i_had), "
+"[HN](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24337244) and [a lengthy email "
+"exchange](https://lists.sr.ht/~euandreh/public-"
+"inbox/%3C010101744a592b75-1dce9281-f0b8-4226-9d50-fd2c7901fa72-000000%40us-"
+"west-2.amazonses.com%3E)."
+msgstr ""